The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan Essay

The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan - Essay Example He in this way articulated the regulation that would go connected at the hip with the Marshall Plan that would significantly assist Europe with recovering financially. A situation 10 years after the fact in which if the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan were not executed would bring about an Europe whose economies would be floundering, each autonomously discovering out of the decimation. Strategically, the Soviet Union's impact would have become more grounded past Poland and East Germany. Political and financial strength would in any case be a long obstacle. By 1957 without the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, Europe would get itself a monetarily divided landmass and the European Union, set up in 1957 would not exist. Presumably there would not additionally be an European Coal and Steel Community which was built up in 1950. This is on the grounds that the Marshall Plan took into consideration the chance of European states cooperating to draft an arrangement that would make financial collaboration conceivable. Europe's treasuries would not be as fast renewed on account of the nonattendance of prompt US fiscal guide and food and endurance would in any case be the top need, and not financial development and solidness. Europe would not figure out how to openly trade their monetary forms and destroy exchange boundaries among the various states as the foundation of the European Payments Union in 1950 and essentially until 1958. Moreover, without the Marshall Plan, 10 years after the apocalypse War, would bring about an Europe with its fi nancial establishments not as solid as they were and ventures would not be reawakened as they were rapidly a direct result of the Marshall Plan. Notable European organizations, for example, Renault, Pechiney and Dassault in France; Volkswagen and Daimler-Benz in Germany; Fiat in Italy; in addition to Norse Crown Canning in Norway were begun or restarted with American help after the war (Swardson A1). Without the Marshall Plan these organizations, to be sure a great deal of enterprises would not still be in a good place again or in any event, existing 10 years after the war. Germany, Europe's mechanical goliath would in any case be likely disabled and its monetary quality not used. Strategically, had not the approach of control articulated in the Truman Doctrine, it would have been an extraordinary likelihood that ten years thus after the finish of the war, Turkey and Greece would have fallen under range of prominence of the Soviet Union. England which got the greatest portion of US help would not be as solid as it was in being a popularity based pioneer in the mainland - and this was demonstrated when it needed to quit helping Greece that constrained the US to be top off the vacuum. Further, the fall of Turkey and Greece would have reinforced the socialist developments in France and Italy, which however not as powerless would have brought about flimsy political systems, supported by monetary flimsiness in light of the fact that widespread social discontent, hunger financial separation. To put it plainly, Europe ten years henceforth, would again be powerless against autocracy. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan prepared for Europe to cooperate as one mainland with the goal that it could ascend from the rubble of World War II. Monetarily, it drew the European states together to set up systems to encourage monetary combination, without which there would be the present-day European Union and the

Father Franz Boas--Father of American Anthropology Essays -- essays pa

Father Franz Boas- - Father of American Anthropology Franz Boas is regularly alluded to as the dad of American human sciences due to the extraordinary impact he had in the lives and the professions of the following extraordinary age of anthropologists in America. He came when humanities was not viewed as a genuine science or even a significant control and brought a demeanor of decency to the calling, giving the individuals who followed an energy and a case of how to move toward human studies. Boas coordinated the field studies and prepared such conspicuous anthropologists as Alfred Louis Kroeber, Robert Lowie, Margaret Mead, as well as others. Despite the fact that he didn't leave as his heritage any explicit line of thought, he left an example that was followed by various researchers in the people to come. Franz Boas contemplated material science and geology in Germany and left to seek after his speculation on was brought up in Germany and contemplated material science and geology. In the wake of accepting his doctorate in topography he left Germany and went to Baffin Island to test his speculation on Arctic geology. While he was there he got interested with the Eskimos and how they lived. From that point on he was not, at this point a geographer in any case, an Anthropologist. Boas was Jewish and was censured for his entire life about being Jewish. His work demonstrated his disdain of Hostile to Semitism, mirroring the conviction that all men are made equivalent. At the time humanities depended on the convictions of men like Tylor and Spencer who had confidence in developmental hypotheses that expressed that a few people are more advanced than others. They had confidence in classifying various societies relying upon how advanced they were. These men additionally didn't accomplish any field work, they got their data from teachers, government authorities, what's more, others who ventured to the far corners of the planet. They arranged societies by placing them into a line beginning with brutes and closure with white individuals. Anthropologists at that point positioned them relying upon how edified they thought they were. They likewise felt that individuals at the high finish of the line(whites) had one time been the place these other societies are and feel this kind of a â€Å"psychic unity† towards them. Boas was the primary anthropologist to accomplish field work. He trusted it was basic to live with specific societies to get the genuine feel of what they resembled. He be... ...tists who were attempting to get the bigger picture. Boas was keen on examining an exceptionally little and explicit window of time, which originated from the information that he gathered while playing out the field work he esteemed important to examine a culture. There is no doubt that human sciences as a control what's more, as a science took on another life after the appearance of Forthcoming Boas. In addition to the fact that anthropology gained regard in the logical and the â€Å"civilian† world, yet in addition it picked up regard in the anthropological field too. The work that Boas performed, both in examines and in association abilities, were demonstrations of a man who has given such a great amount to the discipline. He had the option to significantly impact various masterminds and researchers in his own field the legitimacy of his strategies for work and get them to organize them over the board for use by all anthropologists. Boas had the option to do this for himself, however more significantly, for the ages of American anthropologists after him. The impact that he had on Mead, Radin, et. al. is very exceptional and should be noted. Boas’ job and respect as the head of American human sciences is well archived and generally merited.

Pick Me!!!! Call for Assistance Ambers Amazing Photo Tour 2017

Pick Me!!!! Call for Assistance Ambers Amazing Photo Tour 2017 My friends, the time has come again.   Time for me to help all of the students who would love to see more of Illinois, but arent able to make it to campus. For this blog, I am asking you, the student/reader, to tell me what you would like to see on the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign campus. It can be anything. Anything. If you want to see what the bathrooms look like in the Union, I am your girl.   Interested in seeing what the inside of the Undergraduate Library is like, I will be there.   Want to get a picture of my favorite sandwich from Bread Co? Well, that is a little odd, but who am I to stand in the way of sharing my favorite sandwich with you? I might even take it off campus and take pictures of my favorite places in Champaign and Urbana if you want. It is all about you! I will be taking requests in the comments section from now until November 5  for pictures and places of campus you would like to see.   I will then take all of your requests and put together a blog post with a customized tour of campus to be posted on November 10  for your viewing pleasure. Last year was a ton of fun, I cant wait to see where you all take me this year! Amber Admissions Counselor I've lived in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, and Ohio. I focus on working with international undergraduate students and helping them through the admissions process.

Zeitoun Essay example - 973 Words

TG 1 Valeria Franco April 1, 2011 English 28 Zeitoun Essay Zeitoun By: Dave Eggers After September 11, 2001 I’ve had trouble finding what makes me more angry; the way the authorities handled the hurricane of Katrina or the way the Arabs were treated. I have herd countless stories related to the 9/11 attack and until today I see the way that has affected the lives of many. Through Eggers story, I was able to comprehend more about the tragedy in New Orleans and even though I thought I already knew about the aftermath that Katrina brought, Eggers grabbed my attention by introducing me to the story of a Syrian-American middle aged man named Abdulrahman Zeitoun. He was a father of four, married to an American wife Kathy and owned a†¦show more content†¦Can you imagine sleeping in a tent on the the flat part of the roof? and during the day trying to save others while fighting the high polluted water with not only trash but dead people that once was shared this beautiful state. I couldn’t help worry about his wife Kathy, not only because she was alo ne with her four kids but if that’s not bad enough for her she is given a hard time because since she converted, her hijabb brought a lot of controversies not only to the citizens of American but to her own family as well. If that’s not enough to keep you in the edge of your seat I was worried along with her when she couldn’t get a hold of him, especially when she called her own home and some stranger answered her call. If I were her I would’ve lost it thinking the worst. The story soon looped into something more overwhelming than the simple tale of the hurricane Katrina. Zeitoun was arrested in his own home by six officers and it broke my heart that he actually thinks that they are there to help him, little did he know that they were there to hurt him and falsely charge him with looting. Obviously he was treated with the upmost unfair treatment because he was Muslim. He was immediately sent to a makeshift prison and wasn’t even allowed to have his one call, of course, had he been American this wouldn’t be the case. TG 3 Anyway, this definitely became his family worst nightmare because for all they knew he could haveShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Zeitoun By Dave Eggers988 Words   |  4 Pagessummer assignment, we were assigned to read Zeitoun by Dave Eggers, which recounts the story of a Muslim-American man named Abdulrahman Zeitoun who remained in New Orleans during 2005’s deadly Hurricane Katrina. While trapped in the city, Zeitoun paddles in his canoe in the flooded streets aiding those who are in danger; however, Zeitoun is suddenly arrested under accusations of being affiliated with an Al-Qaeda Terrorist Cell. Throughout the novel, Zeitoun is portrayed as a gentle and compassionateRead MoreZeitoun, By Dave Eggers1699 Words   |  7 Pages In the novel, Zeitoun by Dave Eggers, the main character, Abdulrahman Zeitoun, is an immigrant of Syria who stays in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina and is arrested due to the suspicion of looting, but really is arrested because of his race and how he looks. Zeitoun’s faith and loyalty to his community and home is tested through the many obstacles of Hurricane Katrina and including his religion, racism, and his very own dignity. The author, Dave Eggers who is also the speaker in novel, provesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Zeitoun By Dave Eggers978 Words   |  4 Pagesassignment, we were assigned to read Zeitoun by Dave Eggers, which recounts the true story of a Muslim-American man named Abdulrahman Zeitoun who remained in New Orleans during 2005’s deadly Hurricane Katrina. While trapped in the city, Zeitoun paddles in his canoe in the flooded streets coming to the aid of those who are in danger; however, Zeitoun is arrested under accusations of being affiliated w ith an Al-Qaeda Terrorist Cell. Throughout the novel, Zeitoun is portrayed as a gentle and compassionateRead MoreThe Destruction Of Dignity By Dave Eggers1757 Words   |  8 Pages, Dave Eggers, in his riveting novel Zeitoun retells the story of a New Orleans painter as he finds himself in the city following Hurricane Katrina. Throughout his harrowing journey throughout the aftermath, Eggers exhibits the horrifying results a disaster can have on the dignity of victims. There are countless examples throughout the novel of those who have been dispossessed of their dignity and humanity, and there is no better example than that of Zeitoun himself. Egger’s portrayal of the aftermathRead MoreThe Mistreatment Of The Zeitoun Family1493 Words   |  6 Pages Renowned journalist and author, Dave Eggers, in his famed novel, Zeitoun, recounts the mistreatment of the Zeitoun family in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina based on their racial and religious profiles in a post-9/11 America. His purpose is to reveal the unwarranted injustices faced by Muslim-American Hurricane Katrina victims through a description of the Zeitoun family’s experiences, in order to educate his readers of the impact discrimination has on emergency response. Eggers adopts a sympatheticRead MoreZeitoun Fight or Flight795 Words   |  3 Pagesit worth risking your life to protect your belongings and property when a Category 5 hurricane is barreling towards your city? Is it right to disregard reports about a storm because in past experiences the news has been wrong? In Zeitoun by Dave Eggers, a man named Zeitoun decides to let his family evacuate New Orleans without him so that he can stay behind and protect his several homes, business, and personal belongings from Category 5 hurricane Katrina. Once the hurricane passes, and he survivesRead MoreZeitoun Rhetorical Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagesin Zeitoun, shows a story of a Muslim American family living through many challenges. After 9/11 Muslim families, like the Zeitouns, face many problems living in America. Eggers wants to inform other Americans on the situation of Muslim living in the United States, present day. People who are uneducated about the Muslim religion need to be informed on how similar lives are of other people all around the United States. These people throw out stereotypes and aim judgments wrongly at the Zeitoun familyRead MoreZeitoun Essay example2192 Words   |  9 PagesZeitoun Have you even judged someone on who he or she is or what they looked like? And have you ever had a bad experience or traumatic experience happens and you looked for someone or something to blame, but in reality there was nothing to blame? Well, a natural disaster can be blamed on no one, but in times like that emotions run wild and blame can be put on someone who fits a certain profile. Racism and Hurricane Katrina were two forces that clashed together to create an even bigger problem forRead MoreKaren Eggers s Zeitoun Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesKimberley A. Turner Elizabeth Miossec-Backer WR 121 19 October 2016 ZEITOUN-KATHY In Dave Eggers nonfiction novel Zeitoun, Kathy is an American woman who converts from Christianity to Islam before marrying her Syrian-born Muslim husband, Abdulrahman Zeitoun. Together, they have three daughters and own and operate a painting company in New Orleans. In her earlier years, Kathy found herself divorced with an infant son working fifty hours a week. â€Å"†¦.her life was a struggle, and she was looking forRead MoreSummary Of Dave Eggers s Zeitoun 1028 Words   |  5 PagesDave Eggers, addresses the endeavors of Zeitoun during and after Hurricane Katrina in his book â€Å"Zeitoun.† His goal is to educate the audience about the prejudices and troubles experienced during the disaster. A formal, yet sympathetic tone is used in the book to not only inform the audience about the hardships experienced by Zeitoun, but to also encourage sympathy among the audience. One struggle he focuses on is Islamophobia and how it negatively affects Zeitoun and his family. He shows this through

Marion Kauffman was born in a middle class family in...

Marion Kauffman was born in a middle class family in Missouri. When he was eight years old his family decided to move Kansas City. He was on diagnosis with leakage of heart an event which changed his entire life. Doctors asked him for a complete one year rest and he was not allowed to sit up. Kauffman’s mother a lady who first identified the leadership skills in him came up with a solution to keep the active 11- year old boy lying in bed- reading. Kauffman read 40 to 50 books every month and read the biographies of all the presidents, the frontiersmen, and other famous business people and gained inspiration by reading these biographies. When he recovered from his disease, he started his career as a salesman. Since his family did not have a†¦show more content†¦Kauffman’s entrepreneurial and leadership skills made him so successful that he established the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation with the objective to help young people, especially to those who cannot afford a quality education and provide the employment opportunities. He always wanted his foundation to be innovative and find issues in people lives and bring some change in their lives. Kauffman’s philosophies which made him successful are very simple and every business person can implement his philosophies easily these are treating employees as associates and sharing the profits with them fairly, he brought the concept of inverted pyramid hierarchy in which decision making was given to frontline workers and empowered them to take decisions in the better interest of the company and this gamble worked and made Marion Laborites one of the top leading pharmaceutical companies in the world. Kauffman’s corporate entrepreneurship spirit was the key to his success because he wanted his associates to think like an entrepreneur and come up with unique ideas that he always wanted from his associates (employees). Kauffman’s foundation now works on two areas these are youth development and entrepreneurship. Kauffman’s endeavors to make future better and makes others life better that is why h is still a beloved figure of the Kansas City and the nation as well because he not only made money

Haemoglobinopathy Free Essays

Review Article Indian J Med Res 134, October 2011, pp 552-560 Invasive non-invasive approaches for prenatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies: Experiences from India R. B. Colah, A. We will write a custom essay sample on Haemoglobinopathy or any similar topic only for you Order Now C. Gorakshakar A. H. Nadkarni National Institute of Immunohaematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India Received October 29, 2010 The thalassaemias and sickle cell disease are the commonest monogenic disorders in India. There are an estimated 7500 – 12,000 babies with ? -thalassaemia major born every year in the country. While the overall prevalence of carriers in different States varies from 1. to 4 per cent, recent work has shown considerable variations in frequencies even within States. Thus, micromapping would help to determine the true burden of the disease. Although screening in antenatal clinics is being done at many centres, only 15-20 per cent of pregnant women register in antenatal clinics in public hospitals in the first trimester of pregnancy. There are only a handful of centres in major cities in this vast country where prenatal diagnosis is done. There is considerable molecular heterogeneity with 64 mutations identified, of which 6 to 7 common mutations account for 80-90 p er cent of mutant alleles. First trimester foetal diagnosis is done by chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and DNA analysis using reverse dot blot hybridization, amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) and DNA sequencing. Second trimester diagnosis is done by cordocentesis and foetal blood analysis on HPLC at a few centres. Our experience on prenatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies in 2221 pregnancies has shown that 90 per cent of couples were referred for prenatal diagnosis of ? -thalassaemia after having one or more affected children while about 35 per cent of couples were referred for prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell disorders prospectively. There is a clear need for more data from India on non-invasive approaches for prenatal diagnosis. Key words Haemoglobinopathies – India – invasive and non-invasive approaches – prenatal diagnosis Introduction The inherited disorders of haemoglobin are the most common monogenic disorders globally. Around 7 per cent of the population worldwide are carriers with more than 3,00,000 severely affected babies born every year1. Prenatal diagnosis is an integral component of a community control programme for haemoglobinopathies. Estimating the disease burden, generating awareness in the population, screening 552 o identify carriers and couples at – risk and genetic counselling are prerequisites for a successful prevention programme. The remarkable success of such programmes in the 1970s in Cyprus, Italy, Greece and the UK led to the development of control programmes in many other countries2-6. The extent of the problem in India ? -thalassaemia has been reported in most of the communities that have been screened so far in India. While the overall prevalence varies from 1. 5 to 4 per COLAH et al: PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES IN INDIA 553 ent in different States, communities like Sindhis, Punjabis, Lohanas, Kutchi Bhanushalis, Jains and Bohris have a higher prevalence (4-17%)7-12. Different reportshaveestimatedthat7500-12,000? -thalassaemia major babies would be born in India each year12 -14. It has also been shown recently by micromapping at the district level in two States, Maharashtra and Gujarat in westernIndiathattheprevalenceof? -thalassaemiatrait in different districts within these States is variable (0 9. 5%). Based on these estimates there would be around 1000birthsof? thalassaemiamajorbabieseachyear in these two States alone15. Thus, such data should be obtained from different States to know the true burden of the disease and for planning and executing control programmes. Haemoglobin S (Hb S) is prevalent in central India and among the tribal belts in western, eastern and southern India, the carrier rates varying from 1-40 per cent16-18. It has been estimated that over 5000 babies with sickle cell disease would be born each year19. Haemoglobin E is widespread in the north eastern States in Assam, Mizoram, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura, the prevalence of Hb E trait being highest (64%) among the Bodo-Kacharis in Assam and going up to 30-40 per cent in some other populations in this region20-22. In eastern India the prevalence of Hb E trait varies from 3-10 per cent in West Bengal8,23. Both Hb E andHbSwhenco-inheritedwith? -thalassaemiaresult in a disorder of variable clinical severity24-26. These inherited haemoglobin disorders cause considerable pain and suffering to the patients and their families and are a major drain on health resources in the country. The need for accurate identification of carries and couples at risk Classical ? thalassaemia carriers have typically reduced red cell indices [mean corpuscular volume (MCV)T) ? + 3. -87 (CT) ? + 4. -80 (CT) ? + 5. -29 (AG) ? + 6. -28 (AG) ? + 7. -25 (AG) ? + B. Cap site 1. +1 (AC) ? + C. Initiation codon 1. ATG ACG ? 0 D. RNA processing mutations i) Splice junction site 1. Codon 30 (GC) ? 0 2. Codon 30 (GA) ? 0 3. IVS 1-1 (GT) ? 0 4. IVS 1-1 ( GA) ? 0 5. IVS 1-129 (AC) ? 0 6. IVS 1-130 (GC) ? 0 7. IVS 1-130 (GA) ? 0 8. IVS II-1 (GA) ? 0 (ii) Consensus site 1. IVS 1-5 (GC) ? + 2. IVS 1-128 (TAG GAG) ? + 3. IVS II-837 (TG) ? (iii) IVS changes 1. IVS I-110 (GA) ? + 2. IVS II-591 (TC) ? + 3. IVS II-613 (CT) ? + 4. IVS II-654 (CT) ? + 5. IVS II-745 (CG) ? + iv) Coding region changes 1. Codon 26 (GA) Hb E ? + E. RNA translational mutations i) Nonsense 1. Codons 4,5,6 (ACT CCT GAG ACA TCT ? 0 TAG) 2. Codon 5 (-CT), Codon 13 (CT), Codon 26 ? (GC), Codons 27/28 (+C) in cis 3. Codon 6 (GAG TAG) and on the same ? 0 chromosome Codon 4 (ACT ACA) , Codon 5 (CCTTCT) 4. Codon 8 (AG) ? 5. Codon 13 (CT), Codon 26 (GA), Codons ? 27/28 (-C) in cis 6. Codon 15 (TGG TAG) ? 0 7. Codons 62-64 (7 bp del) ? 0 8. Codons 81-87 (22 bp del) ? 9. Codon 121 (GT) ? 0 Contd†¦. themselves, today their relatives and extended families are coming forward to get screened38. There is only one centre in Lucknow in north India which offers a formal course for genetic counsellors and there is a need for more such courses throughout the country. Counsellors should be aware that couples at risk of havingachildwith? -thalassaemiamajor,sicklecell disease, Hb S ? -thalassaemia, Hb E ? -thalassaemia, – ? -thalassaemia, Hb Lepore ? -thalassaemia and Hb SD disease should be given the option of prenatal diagnosis to avoid the birth of a child with a severe disorder. However, couples at risk of having a child with Hb D disease, Hb D ? -thalassaemia and Hb E disease do not require prenatal diagnosis as these disorders are mild. InSardinia,identificationofthemaximumnumber of carriers followed by effective genetic counselling helpedtoreducethebirthrateof? -thalassaemiamajor babies from 1:250 to 1:400039. Prenatal diagnosis The first initiatives in India Facilities for prenatal diagnosis became available in India in the mid 1980s40. Until then, although prenatal diagnosis was offered by a few centres, foetal samples were sent to the UK and other countries for analysis. Foetal blood sampling by foetoscopy done between 18 and 22 wk gestation and diagnosis by globin chain synthesis were done for the next 4 to 5 years at 2 centres in Mumbai40,41. Chorionic villus sampling and DNA analysis in the first trimester In the 1990s first trimester foetal diagnosis by chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and DNA analysis was established at 4-5 centres in the north in Delhi42, in the west in Mumbai41,43,44 and in the south in Vellore45. These services then expanded to other cities like Lucknow and Chandigarh in the north46,47, and Kolkata in the east48. However, these services are still limited to major cities where couples are referred to or CVS samples are sent from surrounding areas. Molecular analysis ? -thalassaemia is extremely heterogeneous with more than 200 mutations described worldwide49. In India, about 64 mutations have been characterized by studies done at different centres30,31,49-51 (Table I). Six to seven mutations [IVS 1-5 (G? C), 619 bp deletion, IVS 1-1 (G? T), Codon 8/9 (+G), Codons 41/42 (-CTTT), COLAH et al: PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES IN INDIA (ii) Frameshift 1. Codon 5 (-CT) 2. Codons 7/8 (+G) 3. Codon 8 (-AA) 4. Codons 8/9(+G) 5. Codon 13 (CT) 6. Codon 15 (-T) 7. Codon 16 (-C) 8. Codon 16 (CT) 9. Codon 17 (AT) 10. Codons 22-24 (7 bp del) 11. Codon 26 (GT) 12. Codon 35 (AG) 13. Codons 36/37 (-T) 14. Codons 36-39 (8 bp del) 15. Codon 39 (CT) 16. Codon 44 (-C) 17. Codons 47/48 (+ATCT) 18. Codon 55 (+A) 19. Codon 55 (-A) 20. Codons 57/58 (+A) 21. Codon 88 (+T) 22. Codons 106/107 (+G) 23. Codon 110 (TC) 24. Codon 111 (-G) 25. Codon 135 (CT) F. RNA cleavage and polyadenylation mutation 1. AATAAAAACAAA G. Deletional mutations 1. 619 bp deletion; 3’end 2. 10. 3 kb deletion 3. Codons 126-131 (17 bp deletion) Source: Refs 30, 31, 49-51 55 ?0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 ? + ? 0 ? + ? 0 ? 0 ? 0 Fig. 1. Regionaldistributionof? -thalassaemiamutationinIndia. molecular techniques like covalent reverse dot blot hybridization (CRDB), amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and DNA sequencing43,44,52. Foet al blood analysis in the second trimester Most of the prenatal diagnosis programmes in the Mediterranean countries started with second trimester foetal blood analysis but they were able to switch over tofirsttrimesterdiagnosisinashortspan5,39. In India, second trimester diagnosis is still done as manycouplesatriskareidentifiedlateduringpregnancy. Foetal blood sampling is done by cordocentesis at 18 to20wkgestationandafterconfirmingthatthereisno maternal contamination in the foetal sample by foetal cell staining using the Kleihauer-Betke method, it is analysed by HPLC on the Variant Hemoglobin Testing System (Bio Rad Laboratories, Hercules, USA). The HbA levels in foetuses affected with ? -thalassaemia major have ranged from 0 to 0. 5 per cent and these were distinguishable from heterozygous babies where the Hb A levels were 1. per cent in different studies. However, there was some overlap in Hb A levels between heterozygotes and normals53-55. Sickle cell disease and Hb E thalassaemia have also been diagnosed in this way. On the other hand, experience in Thailand showed that while ? 0 thalassaemia homozygotes and HbE-? 0 thalassaemia compound heterozygotes could be diagnosed by HPLC analysis of foetal blood, ? ++ thalassaem ia homozygotes may be misdiagnosed as heterozygotes56. Amniotic fluid cells have not been used extensively in India for prenatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies. Codon 15 (G? A), Codon 30 (G? C)] are common accounting for 85-95 per cent of mutant alleles. However, regional differences in their frequencies have been noted30,31,50,51 (Fig. 1). The prevalence of IVS 1 -5 (G? C), the most common mutation in India varies from 15-88 per cent in different States. Codon 15 (G? A) is the second most frequent mutation in Maharashtra and Karnataka and Codon 5 (-CT) is the third most common mutation in Gujarat. The -88 (C? T) and the Cap site +1 (A? C) mutations are more common in the northern region30,31,50. The 619 bp deletion is the most common mutation among the immigrant population from Pakistan. This knowledge on the distribution of mutations in different regions and in people of different ethnic backgrounds has facilitated prenatal diagnosis using 556 INDIAN J MED RES, OCTOBER 2011 Experience at National Institute Immunohaematology (NIIH), Mumbai of Bothfirstandsecondtrimesterprenataldiagnosis for the ? -thalassaemias and sickle cell disorders are done at National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, and over the last 25 years 2,221 pregnancies at risk have been investigated (Table II). While majority of the couples were at risk of having children with ? thalassaemia major, a significant number of couples at risk of having children with sickle cell disorders have been referred for prenatal diagnosis in the last 4 to 5 years. Our experience in western India has shown that there are still very few couples (G; or codon 35 ? (A? G) at alpha -beta chain interfaces. Ann Hematol 2009; 88 : 1269-71. 52. Old JM, Varawalla NY, Weatherall DJ. The rapid detection and prenatal diagno sis of ? -thalassemia in theAsian Indian and Cyproit populations in the UK. Lancet 1990; 336 : 834-7. 53. Rao VB, Natrajan PG, Lulla CP, Bandodkar SB. Rapid midtrimester prenatal iagnosis of beta-thalassaemia and other haemoglobinopathies using a non- radioactive anion exchange HPLC technique – an Indian experience. Prenat Diagn 1997; 17 : 725-31. 54. Wadia MR, Phanasgaokar SP, Nadkarni AH, Surve RR, Gorakshakar AC, Colah RB, et al. Usefulness of automated chromatography for rapid fetal blood analysis for second trimester prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia. Prenat Diagn 2002; 22 : 153-7. 559 55. Rao S, Saxena R, Deka D, Kabra M. Use of HbA estimation by CE-HPLC for prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia; experience from a tertiary care centre in north India: a brief report. Hematology 2009; 14 : 122-4. 56. Winichagoon P, Sriphanich R, Sae-Mgo WB, Chowthaworm J, Tantisirin P, Kanokpongsakdi S, et al. Application of automated HPLC in prenatal diagnosis of thalassemia. Lab Hematol 2002; 8 : 29-35. 57. Holzgreve W. Will ultrasound screening and ultrasound guided procedures be replaced by non-invasive techniques for the diagnosis of fetal chromosome anomalies? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997; 9 : 217-9. 58. Steele CD, Wapner RJ, Smith JB, Haynes MK, Jackson LG. Prenatal diagnosis using fetal cells isolated from maternal peripheral blood. Clin. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 39 : 801-13. 59. Mesker WE, Ouwerkerk-vn Velzen MC, Oosterwijk JC, Bernini LF, Golbus MS, Kanhai HH, et al. Two colour immunocytochemical staining of gamma and epsilon type hemoglobin in fetal red cells. Prenat Diagn 1998; 18 : 1131-7. 60. Takabayashi H, Kuwabara S, Ukita T, Ikawa K, Yamafuji K, Igarashi T. Development of non-invasive fetal DNA diagnosis from maternal blood. Prenat Diagn 1995; 15 : 74-7. 61. Cheung MC, Goldberg JD, Kan YW. Prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell anemia and thalassemia by analysis of fetal cells in maternal blood. Nat Genet 1996; 14 : 264-8. 62. Di Naro E, Ghezzi F, Vitucci A, Tannoia N, Campanale D, D’ Addario V, et al. Prenataldiagnosisof? -thalassemiausing fetal erythroblasts enriched from maternal blood by a novel gradient. Mol Hum Reprod 2000; 6 : 571-4. 63. Kolialexi A, Vrettou C, Traeger-Synodinos J, Burgemeister R, Papantoniou N, Kanavakis E, et al. Non invasive prenatal diagnosisof? -thalassemiausingindividualfetalerythroblasts isolated from maternal blood after enrichment. Prenat Diagn 2007; 27 : 1228-32. 64. D’Souza E, Sawant PM, Nadkarni AH, Gorakshakar A, Mohanty D, Ghosh K, et al. Evaluation of the use of monoclonal antibodies and nested PCR for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies in India. Am J Clin Pathol 2008; 130 : 202-9. 65. Lo YM, Corbetta N, Chamberlain PF, Rai V, Sargent IL, Redman CW, et al. Presence of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and serum. 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The Macro Environment of the Crisps Essay Example

The Macro Environment of the Crisps Paper Political and legal forces Because of the big influence that the political and legal forces can possess over any kind of business they can be considered as one of the most important micro-environment components. The role of the state is to regulate and to set the lows and the rules in order to prevent any kind of anti- competitive behaviors. European Union has created an unified framework of whom rules the companies are supposed to run their business. Those rules are as follows: abuse of market dominance; state aid, acquisitions and mergers and collusions (Jobber 2007:79). All of them are different ways that could lead to increasing of the market hare of a competitor up to levels of monopoly. In the Crisps, Nuts and Salty Snacks market in LIKE even though the Walkers brand of PepsiCo is having 20% of the market share the rest of it IS divided almost equally between the top five competitors including Kettle Chips with its 4%. As a result of an acquisition in the year of 2010 Kettle Chips become a part of Diamond Foods but as it is obvious from the market share (4%) this did not help to the company to obtain a tremendous power over the market(Huddle, Dental and Machine 2012). We will write a custom essay sample on The Macro Environment of the Crisps specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Macro Environment of the Crisps specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Macro Environment of the Crisps specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This leads to the conclusion that the European Framework Rules in this particular market are respected. Much more important for the market than the mentioned above are the specific acts taken from the LIKE government with big influence over the chips and snacks market: Because of the increasing level of obese people and children over weight the following changes are made: 1. The School Food Trust made forbidden any commercials to be connected with HUFFS foods (which includes the chips and crisps as well) to be promoted to people of age under 16(Nineteenth). . The Food Standard Agency made reductions to the salted and high saturated fat products by forcing the companies to remake the sizes of their sacks smaller with 5 to 1 Go in order t help consumers to control their portions(Mi ententes). 3. In the year of 2007 he government of UK forbidden to the market actors to make advertising that include children in them (Nineteenth). 4. The only market segment that benefited from the governm ent pressure over the non healthy food are the nuts without any sugar, salt, fat or honey. They have been approved as healthy snacks by the SET (Nineteenth). Economic Forces The Economic Forces as well have their crucial impact over the marketing environment in terms of the price, supply and demand fields. Within this market environment we could determine two most important elements: economic recession and the unemployment growth. Economic recession in UK has the biggest impact over the market in terms of sales volumes. Every seventh person out of then points out the price level as essential for his choice(Gambled 2).